← 2020 Paper 1

UPSC 2020 Maths Optional Paper 1 Q5c — Step-by-Step Solution

10 marks · Section B

Curl: definition, physical meaning, computation · Vector Analysis · asked 4× in 14 yrs · Read the full method →

Question

For what value of a,b,ca,b,c is the vector field V⃗=(−4x−3y+az)i^+(bx+3y+5z)j^+(4x+cy+3z)k^\vec V=(-4x-3y+az)\hat i+(bx+3y+5z)\hat j+(4x+cy+3z)\hat k irrotational? Hence, express V⃗\vec V as the gradient of a scalar function ϕ\phi. Determine ϕ\phi.

Technique

Set curl V⃗=0\mathrm{curl}\,\vec V=0 component-wise to fix a,b,ca,b,c; then integrate P,Q,RP,Q,R successively to recover ϕ\phi.

Solution

Write V⃗=(P,Q,R)\vec V=(P,Q,R) with

P=−4x−3y+az,Q=bx+3y+5z,R=4x+cy+3z.P=-4x-3y+az,\quad Q=bx+3y+5z,\quad R=4x+cy+3z .

Step 1 — Irrotational condition ∇×V⃗=0⃗\nabla\times\vec V=\vec 0

∇×V⃗=(Ry−Qz,  Pz−Rx,  Qx−Py).\nabla\times\vec V=\Big(R_y-Q_z,\; P_z-R_x,\; Q_x-P_y\Big).

Compute the partials:

Ry=c,Qz=5,Pz=a,Rx=4,Qx=b,Py=−3.R_y=c,\quad Q_z=5,\quad P_z=a,\quad R_x=4,\quad Q_x=b,\quad P_y=-3 .

Set each component to zero:

Ry−Qz=c−5=0⇒c=5,R_y-Q_z=c-5=0 \Rightarrow c=5, Pz−Rx=a−4=0⇒a=4,P_z-R_x=a-4=0 \Rightarrow a=4, Qx−Py=b−(−3)=b+3=0⇒b=−3.Q_x-P_y=b-(-3)=b+3=0 \Rightarrow b=-3 .  a=4,b=−3,c=5 \boxed{\,a=4,\quad b=-3,\quad c=5\,}

Step 2 — The field with these values

V⃗=(−4x−3y+4z)i^+(−3x+3y+5z)j^+(4x+5y+3z)k^.\vec V=(-4x-3y+4z)\hat i+(-3x+3y+5z)\hat j+(4x+5y+3z)\hat k .

Step 3 — Find ϕ\phi with V⃗=∇ϕ\vec V=\nabla\phi

From ϕx=P=−4x−3y+4z\phi_x=P=-4x-3y+4z:

ϕ=−2x2−3xy+4xz+f(y,z).\phi=-2x^2-3xy+4xz+f(y,z).

Differentiate w.r.t. yy and match QQ:

ϕy=−3x+fy(y,z)=!−3x+3y+5z⇒fy=3y+5z⇒f=32y2+5yz+g(z).\phi_y=-3x+f_y(y,z)\overset{!}{=}-3x+3y+5z \Rightarrow f_y=3y+5z \Rightarrow f=\tfrac{3}{2}y^2+5yz+g(z).

So ϕ=−2x2−3xy+4xz+32y2+5yz+g(z)\phi=-2x^2-3xy+4xz+\tfrac{3}{2}y^2+5yz+g(z). Differentiate w.r.t. zz and match RR:

ϕz=4x+5y+g′(z)=!4x+5y+3z⇒g′(z)=3z⇒g=32z2+K.\phi_z=4x+5y+g'(z)\overset{!}{=}4x+5y+3z \Rightarrow g'(z)=3z\Rightarrow g=\tfrac{3}{2}z^2+K .

Answer

 ϕ=−2x2+32y2+32z2−3xy+4xz+5yz+K \boxed{\,\phi=-2x^2+\tfrac{3}{2}y^2+\tfrac{3}{2}z^2-3xy+4xz+5yz+K\,}
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