← 2019 Paper 2

UPSC 2019 Maths Optional Paper 2 Q8c — Step-by-Step Solution

20 marks · Section B

Sources, sinks, doublets · Mechanics & Fluid Dynamics · asked 9× in 14 yrs · Read the full method →

Question

Two sources, each of strength mm, are placed at the points (−a,0), (a,0)(-a,0),\ (a,0) and a sink of strength 2m2m at origin. Show that the stream lines are the curves (x2+y2)2=a2(x2−y2+λxy)(x^2+y^2)^2=a^2(x^2-y^2+\lambda xy), where λ\lambda is a variable parameter. Show also that the fluid speed at any point is 2ma2r1r2r3\dfrac{2ma^2}{r_1 r_2 r_3}, where r1,r2r_1,r_2 and r3r_3 are the distances of the points from the sources and the sink, respectively.

Technique

Complex potential w=mlog⁡(z2−a2)−2mlog⁡zw=m\log(z^2-a^2)-2m\log z; streamlines from ψ=Im⁡w=\psi=\operatorname{Im}w= const (constant argument of 1−a2/z21-a^2/z^2); speed q=∣dw/dz∣q=|dw/dz| with the numerator collapsing to the constant 2ma22ma^2.

Solution

Setup. Use complex potential w=ϕ+iψw=\phi+i\psi, z=x+iyz=x+iy. A 2-D source of strength mm at z0z_0 contributes mlog⁡(z−z0)m\log(z-z_0); a sink of strength 2m2m at the origin contributes −2mlog⁡z-2m\log z. Sources at z=±az=\pm a:

w=mlog⁡(z−a)+mlog⁡(z+a)−2mlog⁡z=mlog⁡(z−a)(z+a)z2=mlog⁡z2−a2z2.w=m\log(z-a)+m\log(z+a)-2m\log z=m\log\frac{(z-a)(z+a)}{z^2}=m\log\frac{z^2-a^2}{z^2}.

Step 1 — Stream function

w=mlog⁡z2−a2z2=mlog⁡(1−a2z2),ψ=Im⁡w=m arg⁡(1−a2z2).w=m\log\frac{z^2-a^2}{z^2}=m\log\Big(1-\frac{a^2}{z^2}\Big),\qquad \psi=\operatorname{Im}w=m\,\arg\Big(1-\frac{a^2}{z^2}\Big).

Streamlines are ψ=const\psi=\text{const}, i.e. arg⁡ ⁣(1−a2z2)=\arg\!\big(1-\frac{a^2}{z^2}\big)= const. With z2=(x+iy)2=(x2−y2)+2ixyz^2=(x+iy)^2=(x^2-y^2)+2ixy and ∣z2∣2=(x2+y2)2|z^2|^2=(x^2+y^2)^2,

1−a2z2=1−a2zˉ2∣z∣4=1−a2[(x2−y2)−2ixy](x2+y2)2.1-\frac{a^2}{z^2}=1-\frac{a^2\bar z^2}{|z|^4}=1-\frac{a^2\big[(x^2-y^2)-2ixy\big]}{(x^2+y^2)^2}. Re⁡=1−a2(x2−y2)(x2+y2)2,Im⁡=2a2xy(x2+y2)2.\operatorname{Re}=1-\frac{a^2(x^2-y^2)}{(x^2+y^2)^2},\qquad \operatorname{Im}=\frac{2a^2xy}{(x^2+y^2)^2}.

Constant argument means Im⁡Re⁡=tan⁡(ψ/m)=\dfrac{\operatorname{Im}}{\operatorname{Re}}=\tan(\psi/m)= const ≡c\equiv c:

2a2xy(x2+y2)2−a2(x2−y2)=c.\frac{2a^2xy}{(x^2+y^2)^2-a^2(x^2-y^2)}=c.

Step 2 — Streamline equation

Cross-multiply:

2a2xy=c[(x2+y2)2−a2(x2−y2)] ⟹ (x2+y2)2=a2(x2−y2)+2a2cxy.2a^2xy=c\Big[(x^2+y^2)^2-a^2(x^2-y^2)\Big]\ \Longrightarrow\ (x^2+y^2)^2=a^2(x^2-y^2)+\frac{2a^2}{c}xy.

Writing λ=2c\lambda=\dfrac{2}{c} (a free parameter as the streamline constant varies):

  (x2+y2)2=a2(x2−y2+λxy),λ a variable parameter.  \boxed{\;(x^2+y^2)^2=a^2\big(x^2-y^2+\lambda xy\big),\qquad \lambda\ \text{a variable parameter}.\;}

Step 3 — Fluid speed

The complex velocity is dwdz=u−iv\dfrac{dw}{dz}=u-iv, and the speed is q=∣dwdz∣q=\Big|\dfrac{dw}{dz}\Big|.

dwdz=mz−a+mz+a−2mz.\frac{dw}{dz}=\frac{m}{z-a}+\frac{m}{z+a}-\frac{2m}{z}.

Combine over the common denominator z(z−a)(z+a)=z(z2−a2)z(z-a)(z+a)=z(z^2-a^2):

dwdz=m z(z+a)+m z(z−a)−2m(z2−a2)z(z2−a2)=2mz2−2mz2+2ma2z(z2−a2)=2ma2z(z−a)(z+a).\frac{dw}{dz}=\frac{m\,z(z+a)+m\,z(z-a)-2m(z^2-a^2)}{z(z^2-a^2)}=\frac{2mz^2-2mz^2+2ma^2}{z(z^2-a^2)}=\frac{2ma^2}{z(z-a)(z+a)}.

Taking moduli, with r1=∣z−a∣r_1=|z-a|, r2=∣z+a∣r_2=|z+a| (distances from the two sources at ±a\pm a) and r3=∣z∣r_3=|z| (distance from the sink at the origin):

q=∣dwdz∣=2ma2∣z∣ ∣z−a∣ ∣z+a∣=2ma2r3 r1 r2.q=\Big|\frac{dw}{dz}\Big|=\frac{2ma^2}{|z|\,|z-a|\,|z+a|}=\frac{2ma^2}{r_3\,r_1\,r_2}.

Answer

  q=2ma2r1r2r3.  \boxed{\;q=\dfrac{2ma^2}{r_1 r_2 r_3}.\;}
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